Publications | Perceiving Systems - Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems

32 results (View BibTeX file of all listed publications)

2002

Inferring hand motion from multi-cell recordings in motor cortex using a Kalman filter

Wu, W., Black, M. J., Gao, Y., Bienenstock, E., Serruya, M., Donoghue, J. P.

In SAB’02-Workshop on Motor Control in Humans and Robots: On the Interplay of Real Brains and Artificial Devices, pages: 66-73, Edinburgh, Scotland (UK), August 2002 (inproceedings)

pdf [BibTex]

2002

Wu, W., Black, M. J., Gao, Y., Bienenstock, E., Serruya, M., Donoghue, J. P. Inferring hand motion from multi-cell recordings in motor cortex using a Kalman filter In SAB’02-Workshop on Motor Control in Humans and Robots: On the Interplay of Real Brains and Artificial Devices, pages: 66-73, Edinburgh, Scotland (UK), August 2002 (inproceedings)

pdf [BibTex]

Bayesian Inference of Visual Motion Boundaries

Fleet, D. J., Black, M. J., Nestares, O.

In Exploring Artificial Intelligence in the New Millennium, pages: 139-174, (Editors: Lakemeyer, G. and Nebel, B.), Morgan Kaufmann Pub., July 2002 (incollection)

Abstract

This chapter addresses an open problem in visual motion analysis, the estimation of image motion in the vicinity of occlusion boundaries. With a Bayesian formulation, local image motion is explained in terms of multiple, competing, nonlinear models, including models for smooth (translational) motion and for motion boundaries. The generative model for motion boundaries explicitly encodes the orientation of the boundary, the velocities on either side, the motion of the occluding edge over time, and the appearance/disappearance of pixels at the boundary. We formulate the posterior probability distribution over the models and model parameters, conditioned on the image sequence. Approximate inference is achieved with a combination of tools: A Bayesian filter provides for online computation; factored sampling allows us to represent multimodal non-Gaussian distributions and to propagate beliefs with nonlinear dynamics from one time to the next; and mixture models are used to simplify the computation of joint prediction distributions in the Bayesian filter. To efficiently represent such a high-dimensional space, we also initialize samples using the responses of a low-level motion-discontinuity detector. The basic formulation and computational model provide a general probabilistic framework for motion estimation with multiple, nonlinear models.

pdf [BibTex]

Fleet, D. J., Black, M. J., Nestares, O. Bayesian Inference of Visual Motion Boundaries In Exploring Artificial Intelligence in the New Millennium, pages: 139-174, (Editors: Lakemeyer, G. and Nebel, B.), Morgan Kaufmann Pub., July 2002 (incollection)

pdf [BibTex]

Inferring hand motion from multi-cell recordings in motor cortex using a Kalman filter

Wu, W., Black M., Gao, Y., Bienenstock, E., Serruya, M., Donoghue, J.

Program No. 357.5. 2002 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner, Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC, 2002, Online (conference)

abstract [BibTex]

Wu, W., Black M., Gao, Y., Bienenstock, E., Serruya, M., Donoghue, J. Inferring hand motion from multi-cell recordings in motor cortex using a Kalman filter Program No. 357.5. 2002 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner, Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC, 2002, Online (conference)

abstract [BibTex]

Automatic detection and tracking of human motion with a view-based representation

Fablet, R., Black, M. J.

In European Conf. on Computer Vision, ECCV 2002, 1, pages: 476-491, LNCS 2353, (Editors: A. Heyden and G. Sparr and M. Nielsen and P. Johansen), Springer-Verlag , 2002 (inproceedings)

Abstract

This paper proposes a solution for the automatic detection and tracking of human motion in image sequences. Due to the complexity of the human body and its motion, automatic detection of 3D human motion remains an open, and important, problem. Existing approaches for automatic detection and tracking focus on 2D cues and typically exploit object appearance (color distribution, shape) or knowledge of a static background. In contrast, we exploit 2D optical flow information which provides rich descriptive cues, while being independent of object and background appearance. To represent the optical flow patterns of people from arbitrary viewpoints, we develop a novel representation of human motion using low-dimensional spatio-temporal models that are learned using motion capture data of human subjects. In addition to human motion (the foreground) we probabilistically model the motion of generic scenes (the background); these statistical models are defined as Gibbsian fields specified from the first-order derivatives of motion observations. Detection and tracking are posed in a principled Bayesian framework which involves the computation of a posterior probability distribution over the model parameters (i.e., the location and the type of the human motion) given a sequence of optical flow observations. Particle filtering is used to represent and predict this non-Gaussian posterior distribution over time. The model parameters of samples from this distribution are related to the pose parameters of a 3D articulated model (e.g. the approximate joint angles and movement direction). Thus the approach proves suitable for initializing more complex probabilistic models of human motion. As shown by experiments on real image sequences, our method is able to detect and track people under different viewpoints with complex backgrounds.

pdf [BibTex]

Fablet, R., Black, M. J. Automatic detection and tracking of human motion with a view-based representation In European Conf. on Computer Vision, ECCV 2002, 1, pages: 476-491, LNCS 2353, (Editors: A. Heyden and G. Sparr and M. Nielsen and P. Johansen), Springer-Verlag , 2002 (inproceedings)

pdf [BibTex]

A layered motion representation with occlusion and compact spatial support

Fleet, D. J., Jepson, A., Black, M. J.

In European Conf. on Computer Vision, ECCV 2002, 1, pages: 692-706, LNCS 2353, (Editors: A. Heyden and G. Sparr and M. Nielsen and P. Johansen), Springer-Verlag , 2002 (inproceedings)

Abstract

We describe a 2.5D layered representation for visual motion analysis. The representation provides a global interpretation of image motion in terms of several spatially localized foreground regions along with a background region. Each of these regions comprises a parametric shape model and a parametric motion model. The representation also contains depth ordering so visibility and occlusion are rightly included in the estimation of the model parameters. Finally, because the number of objects, their positions, shapes and sizes, and their relative depths are all unknown, initial models are drawn from a proposal distribution, and then compared using a penalized likelihood criterion. This allows us to automatically initialize new models, and to compare different depth orderings.

pdf [BibTex]

Fleet, D. J., Jepson, A., Black, M. J. A layered motion representation with occlusion and compact spatial support In European Conf. on Computer Vision, ECCV 2002, 1, pages: 692-706, LNCS 2353, (Editors: A. Heyden and G. Sparr and M. Nielsen and P. Johansen), Springer-Verlag , 2002 (inproceedings)

pdf [BibTex]

Implicit probabilistic models of human motion for synthesis and tracking

Sidenbladh, H., Black, M. J., Sigal, L.

In European Conf. on Computer Vision, 1, pages: 784-800, 2002 (inproceedings)

Abstract

This paper addresses the problem of probabilistically modeling 3D human motion for synthesis and tracking. Given the high dimensional nature of human motion, learning an explicit probabilistic model from available training data is currently impractical. Instead we exploit methods from texture synthesis that treat images as representing an implicit empirical distribution. These methods replace the problem of representing the probability of a texture pattern with that of searching the training data for similar instances of that pattern. We extend this idea to temporal data representing 3D human motion with a large database of example motions. To make the method useful in practice, we must address the problem of efficient search in a large training set; efficiency is particularly important for tracking. Towards that end, we learn a low dimensional linear model of human motion that is used to structure the example motion database into a binary tree. An approximate probabilistic tree search method exploits the coefficients of this low-dimensional representation and runs in sub-linear time. This probabilistic tree search returns a particular sample human motion with probability approximating the true distribution of human motions in the database. This sampling method is suitable for use with particle filtering techniques and is applied to articulated 3D tracking of humans within a Bayesian framework. Successful tracking results are presented, along with examples of synthesizing human motion using the model.

pdf [BibTex]

Sidenbladh, H., Black, M. J., Sigal, L. Implicit probabilistic models of human motion for synthesis and tracking In European Conf. on Computer Vision, 1, pages: 784-800, 2002 (inproceedings)

pdf [BibTex]

Robust parameterized component analysis: Theory and applications to 2D facial modeling

De la Torre, F., Black, M. J.

In European Conf. on Computer Vision, ECCV 2002, 4, pages: 653-669, LNCS 2353, Springer-Verlag, 2002 (inproceedings)

pdf [BibTex]

De la Torre, F., Black, M. J. Robust parameterized component analysis: Theory and applications to 2D facial modeling In European Conf. on Computer Vision, ECCV 2002, 4, pages: 653-669, LNCS 2353, Springer-Verlag, 2002 (inproceedings)

pdf [BibTex]

Probabilistic inference of hand motion from neural activity in motor cortex

Gao, Y., Black, M. J., Bienenstock, E., Shoham, S., Donoghue, J.

In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 14, pages: 221-228, MIT Press, 2002 (inproceedings)

pdf [BibTex]

Gao, Y., Black, M. J., Bienenstock, E., Shoham, S., Donoghue, J. Probabilistic inference of hand motion from neural activity in motor cortex In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 14, pages: 221-228, MIT Press, 2002 (inproceedings)

pdf [BibTex]

2000

Probabilistic detection and tracking of motion boundaries

Black, M. J., Fleet, D. J.

Int. J. of Computer Vision, 38(3):231-245, July 2000 (article)

Abstract

We propose a Bayesian framework for representing and recognizing local image motion in terms of two basic models: translational motion and motion boundaries. Motion boundaries are represented using a non-linear generative model that explicitly encodes the orientation of the boundary, the velocities on either side, the motion of the occluding edge over time, and the appearance/disappearance of pixels at the boundary. We represent the posterior probability distribution over the model parameters given the image data using discrete samples. This distribution is propagated over time using a particle filtering algorithm. To efficiently represent such a high-dimensional space we initialize samples using the responses of a low-level motion discontinuity detector. The formulation and computational model provide a general probabilistic framework for motion estimation with multiple, non-linear, models.

pdf pdf from publisher Video [BibTex]

2000

Black, M. J., Fleet, D. J. Probabilistic detection and tracking of motion boundaries Int. J. of Computer Vision, 38(3):231-245, July 2000 (article)

pdf pdf from publisher Video [BibTex]

Stochastic tracking of 3D human figures using 2D image motion

(Winner of the 2010 Koenderink Prize for Fundamental Contributions in Computer Vision)

Sidenbladh, H., Black, M. J., Fleet, D.

In European Conference on Computer Vision, ECCV, pages: 702-718, LNCS 1843, Springer Verlag, Dublin, Ireland, June 2000 (inproceedings)

Abstract

A probabilistic method for tracking 3D articulated human figures in monocular image sequences is presented. Within a Bayesian framework, we define a generative model of image appearance, a robust likelihood function based on image gray level differences, and a prior probability distribution over pose and joint angles that models how humans move. The posterior probability distribution over model parameters is represented using a discrete set of samples and is propagated over time using particle filtering. The approach extends previous work on parameterized optical flow estimation to exploit a complex 3D articulated motion model. It also extends previous work on human motion tracking by including a perspective camera model, by modeling limb self occlusion, and by recovering 3D motion from a monocular sequence. The explicit posterior probability distribution represents ambiguities due to image matching, model singularities, and perspective projection. The method relies only on a frame-to-frame assumption of brightness constancy and hence is able to track people under changing viewpoints, in grayscale image sequences, and with complex unknown backgrounds.

pdf code [BibTex]

Sidenbladh, H., Black, M. J., Fleet, D. Stochastic tracking of 3D human figures using 2D image motion In European Conference on Computer Vision, ECCV, pages: 702-718, LNCS 1843, Springer Verlag, Dublin, Ireland, June 2000 (inproceedings)

pdf code [BibTex]

Functional analysis of human motion data

Ormoneit, D., Hastie, T., Black, M. J.

In In Proc. 5th World Congress of the Bernoulli Society for Probability and Mathematical Statistics and 63rd Annual Meeting of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, Guanajuato, Mexico, May 2000 (inproceedings)

[BibTex]

Ormoneit, D., Hastie, T., Black, M. J. Functional analysis of human motion data In In Proc. 5th World Congress of the Bernoulli Society for Probability and Mathematical Statistics and 63rd Annual Meeting of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, Guanajuato, Mexico, May 2000 (inproceedings)

[BibTex]

Stochastic modeling and tracking of human motion

Ormoneit, D., Sidenbladh, H., Black, M. J., Hastie, T.

Learning 2000, Snowbird, UT, April 2000 (conference)

abstract [BibTex]

Ormoneit, D., Sidenbladh, H., Black, M. J., Hastie, T. Stochastic modeling and tracking of human motion Learning 2000, Snowbird, UT, April 2000 (conference)

abstract [BibTex]

A framework for modeling the appearance of 3D articulated figures

Sidenbladh, H., De la Torre, F., Black, M. J.

In Int. Conf. on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pages: 368-375, Grenoble, France, March 2000 (inproceedings)

pdf [BibTex]

Sidenbladh, H., De la Torre, F., Black, M. J. A framework for modeling the appearance of 3D articulated figures In Int. Conf. on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pages: 368-375, Grenoble, France, March 2000 (inproceedings)

pdf [BibTex]

Design and use of linear models for image motion analysis

Fleet, D. J., Black, M. J., Yacoob, Y., Jepson, A. D.

Int. J. of Computer Vision, 36(3):171-193, 2000 (article)

Abstract

Linear parameterized models of optical flow, particularly affine models, have become widespread in image motion analysis. The linear model coefficients are straightforward to estimate, and they provide reliable estimates of the optical flow of smooth surfaces. Here we explore the use of parameterized motion models that represent much more varied and complex motions. Our goals are threefold: to construct linear bases for complex motion phenomena; to estimate the coefficients of these linear models; and to recognize or classify image motions from the estimated coefficients. We consider two broad classes of motions: i) generic “motion features” such as motion discontinuities and moving bars; and ii) non-rigid, object-specific, motions such as the motion of human mouths. For motion features we construct a basis of steerable flow fields that approximate the motion features. For object-specific motions we construct basis flow fields from example motions using principal component analysis. In both cases, the model coefficients can be estimated directly from spatiotemporal image derivatives with a robust, multi-resolution scheme. Finally, we show how these model coefficients can be use to detect and recognize specific motions such as occlusion boundaries and facial expressions.

pdf [BibTex]

Fleet, D. J., Black, M. J., Yacoob, Y., Jepson, A. D. Design and use of linear models for image motion analysis Int. J. of Computer Vision, 36(3):171-193, 2000 (article)

pdf [BibTex]

Robustly estimating changes in image appearance

Black, M. J., Fleet, D. J., Yacoob, Y.

Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 78(1):8-31, 2000 (article)

Abstract

We propose a generalized model of image “appearance change” in which brightness variation over time is represented as a probabilistic mixture of different causes. We define four generative models of appearance change due to (1) object or camera motion; (2) illumination phenomena; (3) specular reflections; and (4) “iconic changes” which are specific to the objects being viewed. These iconic changes include complex occlusion events and changes in the material properties of the objects. We develop a robust statistical framework for recovering these appearance changes in image sequences. This approach generalizes previous work on optical flow to provide a richer description of image events and more reliable estimates of image motion in the presence of shadows and specular reflections.

pdf pdf from publisher DOI [BibTex]

Black, M. J., Fleet, D. J., Yacoob, Y. Robustly estimating changes in image appearance Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 78(1):8-31, 2000 (article)

pdf pdf from publisher DOI [BibTex]

1995

Apparatus and method for tracking facial motion through a sequence of images

Black, M. J., Yacoob, Y.

US Pat. 5,802,220, December 1995 (patent)

pdf on-line at USPTO [BibTex]

1995

Black, M. J., Yacoob, Y. Apparatus and method for tracking facial motion through a sequence of images US Pat. 5,802,220, December 1995 (patent)

pdf on-line at USPTO [BibTex]

Apparatus and method for recognizing facial expressions and facial gestures in a sequence of images

Black, M. J., Yacoob, Y.

US Pat. 5,774,591, December 1995 (patent)

pdf on-line at USPTO [BibTex]

Black, M. J., Yacoob, Y. Apparatus and method for recognizing facial expressions and facial gestures in a sequence of images US Pat. 5,774,591, December 1995 (patent)

pdf on-line at USPTO [BibTex]

Robust estimation of multiple surface shapes from occluded textures

Black, M. J., Rosenholtz, R.

In International Symposium on Computer Vision, pages: 485-490, Miami, FL, November 1995 (inproceedings)

pdf [BibTex]

Black, M. J., Rosenholtz, R. Robust estimation of multiple surface shapes from occluded textures In International Symposium on Computer Vision, pages: 485-490, Miami, FL, November 1995 (inproceedings)

pdf [BibTex]

The PLAYBOT Project

In Proc. IJCAI Workshop on AI Applications for Disabled People, Montreal, August 1995 (inproceedings)

abstract [BibTex]

Tsotsos, J. K., Dickinson, S., Jenkin, M., Milios, E., Jepson, A., Down, B., Amdur, E., Stevenson, S., Black, M., Metaxas, D., Cooperstock, J., Culhane, S., Nuflo, F., Verghese, G., Wai, W., Wilkes, D., Ye, Y. The PLAYBOT Project In Proc. IJCAI Workshop on AI Applications for Disabled People, Montreal, August 1995 (inproceedings)

abstract [BibTex]

Recognizing facial expressions under rigid and non-rigid facial motions using local parametric models of image motion

Black, M. J., Yacoob, Y.

In International Workshop on Automatic Face- and Gesture-Recognition, Zurich, July 1995 (inproceedings)

video abstract [BibTex]

Black, M. J., Yacoob, Y. Recognizing facial expressions under rigid and non-rigid facial motions using local parametric models of image motion In International Workshop on Automatic Face- and Gesture-Recognition, Zurich, July 1995 (inproceedings)

video abstract [BibTex]

Image segmentation using robust mixture models

Black, M. J., Jepson, A. D.

US Pat. 5,802,203, June 1995 (patent)

pdf on-line at USPTO [BibTex]

Black, M. J., Jepson, A. D. Image segmentation using robust mixture models US Pat. 5,802,203, June 1995 (patent)

pdf on-line at USPTO [BibTex]

Tracking and recognizing rigid and non-rigid facial motions using local parametric models of image motion

Black, M. J., Yacoob, Y.

In Fifth International Conf. on Computer Vision, ICCV’95, pages: 347-381, Boston, MA, June 1995 (inproceedings)

Abstract

This paper explores the use of local parametrized models of image motion for recovering and recognizing the non-rigid and articulated motion of human faces. Parametric flow models (for example affine) are popular for estimating motion in rigid scenes. We observe that within local regions in space and time, such models not only accurately model non-rigid facial motions but also provide a concise description of the motion in terms of a small number of parameters. These parameters are intuitively related to the motion of facial features during facial expressions and we show how expressions such as anger, happiness, surprise, fear, disgust and sadness can be recognized from the local parametric motions in the presence of significant head motion. The motion tracking and expression recognition approach performs with high accuracy in extensive laboratory experiments involving 40 subjects as well as in television and movie sequences.

pdf video publisher site [BibTex]

Black, M. J., Yacoob, Y. Tracking and recognizing rigid and non-rigid facial motions using local parametric models of image motion In Fifth International Conf. on Computer Vision, ICCV’95, pages: 347-381, Boston, MA, June 1995 (inproceedings)

pdf video publisher site [BibTex]

A computational model for shape from texture for multiple textures

Black, M. J., Rosenholtz, R.

Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science Supplement, Vol. 36, No. 4, pages: 2202, March 1995 (conference)

abstract [BibTex]

Black, M. J., Rosenholtz, R. A computational model for shape from texture for multiple textures Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science Supplement, Vol. 36, No. 4, pages: 2202, March 1995 (conference)

abstract [BibTex]

1994

Estimating multiple independent motions in segmented images using parametric models with local deformations

Black, M. J., Jepson, A.

In Workshop on Non-rigid and Articulate Motion, pages: 220-227, Austin, Texas, November 1994 (inproceedings)

pdf abstract [BibTex]

1994

Black, M. J., Jepson, A. Estimating multiple independent motions in segmented images using parametric models with local deformations In Workshop on Non-rigid and Articulate Motion, pages: 220-227, Austin, Texas, November 1994 (inproceedings)

pdf abstract [BibTex]

Time to contact from active tracking of motion boundaries

Ju, X., Black, M. J.

In Intelligent Robots and Computer Vision XIII: 3D Vision, Product Inspection, and Active Vision, pages: 26-37, Proc. SPIE 2354, Boston, Massachusetts, November 1994 (inproceedings)

pdf abstract [BibTex]

Ju, X., Black, M. J. Time to contact from active tracking of motion boundaries In Intelligent Robots and Computer Vision XIII: 3D Vision, Product Inspection, and Active Vision, pages: 26-37, Proc. SPIE 2354, Boston, Massachusetts, November 1994 (inproceedings)

pdf abstract [BibTex]

A computational and evolutionary perspective on the role of representation in computer vision

Tarr, M. J., Black, M. J.

CVGIP: Image Understanding, 60(1):65-73, July 1994 (article)

Abstract

Recently, the assumed goal of computer vision, reconstructing a representation of the scene, has been critcized as unproductive and impractical. Critics have suggested that the reconstructive approach should be supplanted by a new purposive approach that emphasizes functionality and task driven perception at the cost of general vision. In response to these arguments, we claim that the recovery paradigm central to the reconstructive approach is viable, and, moreover, provides a promising framework for understanding and modeling general purpose vision in humans and machines. An examination of the goals of vision from an evolutionary perspective and a case study involving the recovery of optic flow support this hypothesis. In particular, while we acknowledge that there are instances where the purposive approach may be appropriate, these are insufficient for implementing the wide range of visual tasks exhibited by humans (the kind of flexible vision system presumed to be an end-goal of artificial intelligence). Furthermore, there are instances, such as recent work on the estimation of optic flow, where the recovery paradigm may yield useful and robust results. Thus, contrary to certain claims, the purposive approach does not obviate the need for recovery and reconstruction of flexible representations of the world.

pdf [BibTex]

Tarr, M. J., Black, M. J. A computational and evolutionary perspective on the role of representation in computer vision CVGIP: Image Understanding, 60(1):65-73, July 1994 (article)

pdf [BibTex]

Reconstruction and purpose

Tarr, M. J., Black, M. J.

CVGIP: Image Understanding, 60(1):113-118, July 1994 (article)

pdf [BibTex]

Tarr, M. J., Black, M. J. Reconstruction and purpose CVGIP: Image Understanding, 60(1):113-118, July 1994 (article)

pdf [BibTex]

The outlier process: Unifying line processes and robust statistics

Black, M., Rangarajan, A.

In IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR’94, pages: 15-22, Seattle, WA, June 1994 (inproceedings)

pdf abstract [BibTex]

Black, M., Rangarajan, A. The outlier process: Unifying line processes and robust statistics In IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR’94, pages: 15-22, Seattle, WA, June 1994 (inproceedings)

pdf abstract [BibTex]

Recursive non-linear estimation of discontinuous flow fields

Black, M.

In Proc. Third European Conf. on Computer Vision, ECCV’94,, pages: 138-145, LNCS 800, Springer Verlag, Sweden, May 1994 (inproceedings)

pdf abstract [BibTex]

Black, M. Recursive non-linear estimation of discontinuous flow fields In Proc. Third European Conf. on Computer Vision, ECCV’94,, pages: 138-145, LNCS 800, Springer Verlag, Sweden, May 1994 (inproceedings)

pdf abstract [BibTex]

1991

Dynamic motion estimation and feature extraction over long image sequences

Black, M. J., Anandan, P.

In Proc. IJCAI Workshop on Dynamic Scene Understanding, Sydney, Australia, August 1991 (inproceedings)

[BibTex]

1991

Black, M. J., Anandan, P. Dynamic motion estimation and feature extraction over long image sequences In Proc. IJCAI Workshop on Dynamic Scene Understanding, Sydney, Australia, August 1991 (inproceedings)

[BibTex]

Robust dynamic motion estimation over time

(IEEE Computer Society Outstanding Paper Award)

Black, M. J., Anandan, P.

In Proc. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR-91,, pages: 296-302, Maui, Hawaii, June 1991 (inproceedings)

Abstract

This paper presents a novel approach to incrementally estimating visual motion over a sequence of images. We start by formulating constraints on image motion to account for the possibility of multiple motions. This is achieved by exploiting the notions of weak continuity and robust statistics in the formulation of the minimization problem. The resulting objective function is non-convex. Traditional stochastic relaxation techniques for minimizing such functions prove inappropriate for the task. We present a highly parallel incremental stochastic minimization algorithm which has a number of advantages over previous approaches. The incremental nature of the scheme makes it truly dynamic and permits the detection of occlusion and disocclusion boundaries.

pdf video abstract [BibTex]

Black, M. J., Anandan, P. Robust dynamic motion estimation over time In Proc. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR-91,, pages: 296-302, Maui, Hawaii, June 1991 (inproceedings)

pdf video abstract [BibTex]